What model was developed to describe networking?

To address the problem, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched networks schemes like DECNET, SNA, and TCP/IP.As a result of this research, the ISO recognized there was a need to create a network model that would help vendors create networks that would work compatibly and interoperably with other networks. The OSI Reference Model, released in 1984, was the descriptive scheme they created. By creating the OSI model, the ISO was providing vendors with a set of standards thus ensuring greater compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies that were being produced by many companies around the world.

DECNET - Group of communications products (including a protocol suite) developed and supported by Digital Equipment Corporation. DECnet/OSI (also called DECnet Phase V) is the most recent iteration and supports both OSI protocols and proprietary Digital protocols. Phase IV Prime supports inherent MAC addresses that allow DECnet nodes to coexist with systems running other protocols that have MAC address restrictions.

SNA - Systems Network Architecture. Large, complex, feature-rich network architecture developed in the 1970s by IBM. Similar in some respects to the OSI reference model, but with a number of differences. SNA is essentially composed of seven layers.

TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Common name for the suite of protocols developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1970s to support the construction of worldwide internetworks. TCP and IP are the two best-known protocols in the suite.

Interoperability - Ability of computing equipment manufactured by different vendors to communicate with one another successfully over a network.

OSI Reference Model - Open System Interconnection reference model. Network architectural model developed by ISO and ITUT-T The model consists of seven layers, each of which specifies particular network functions such as addressing, flow control, error control, encapsulation, and reliable message transfer. The highest layer (the application layer) is closest to the user; the lowest layer (the physical layer) is closest to the media technology. The lowest layer is implemented in hardware. The next to lowest layer is implemented in hardware and software, while the upper five layers are implemented only in software. The OSI reference model is used universally as a method for teaching and understanding network functionality.

ITUT-T - International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) (formerly the Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone [CCITT])---An international organization that develops communication standards.

Standards - Set of rules or procedures that are either widely used or officially specified. See also defacto standard.

Why were networking standards needed?

Early development of LANs, MANs, and WANs was chaotic in many ways. The early 1980s saw tremendous expansion in networking. As companies realized how much money could be saved and how much they could gain in productivity by using network technology, they began adding networks and expanding existing networks almost as rapidly as new network technologies and products were introduced. By the mid-1980s, growing pains from this expansion were being felt.

Because many of the emerging network technologies were built using different hardware and software implementations, one problem that soon surfaced was that many of the new network technologies were incompatible. Increasingly, it became difficult for networks using different specifications to communicate with each other.

Why and how did networking start?

Applications written for business helped create the PC industry. Early computers were standalone devices. In other words, each computer operated on its own, independently from other computers. It soon became apparent that this was not an efficient or cost effective way for businesses to operate. A solution was needed that would successfully address three problems: duplication of equipment and resources, inability to communicate efficiently, and the lack of network management.

One early solution to these problems was the creation of local area networks, or LANs.

Because they connected workstations, peripherals, terminals, and other devices in a single building, LANs made it possible for businesses using computer technology to efficiently share such things as files and printers.

As the use of computers by businesses grew, however, it soon became apparent that even LANs were not sufficient. In a LAN system, each department or business was an electronic island.

What was needed was a way to move information efficiently and quickly from one business to another. The solution was the creation of metropolitan area networks, or MANs, and wide area networks, or WANs. Because WANs connected networks that served users across a large geographic area, they made it possible for businesses to communicate with each other even though they were geographically distant from each other.

Local-area network (LAN) - High-speed, low-error data network covering a relatively small geographic area. LANs connect workstations, peripherals, terminals, and other devices in a single building or other geographically limited area. LAN standards specify cabling and signaling at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring are widely used LAN technologies. Compare with MAN and WAN.

Metropolitan-area network (MAN) - Network that spans a metropolitan area. Generally, a MAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN, but a smaller geographic area than a WAN. Compare with LAN and WAN.

Wide-area network (WAN) - Data communications network that serves users across a broad geographic area and often uses transmission devices provided by common carriers. Frame Relay, SMDS, and X.25 are examples of WANs. Compare with LAN and MAN.

What is Networking?

Networking is the interconnection of workstations, peripherals terminals and other devices. One of the most common types of networks is the Local Area Network or LAN.

In networking, it is possible for different types of computers to communicate. It is not important what type of computer is used on a network. It may be a Macintosh computer or a PC or a mainframe. In networking, what is important is that all the devices speak the same language, or protocol.

Networking - Connecting of any collection of computers, printers, routers, switches, and other devices for the purpose of communication over some transmission medium.

Peripheral - Device connected to a computer to provide auxiliary functions such as printing, added disk space, scanning or CD-Rom.

Protocol - Formal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern how devices on a network exchange information.