To address the problem, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched networks schemes like DECNET, SNA, and TCP/IP.As a result of this research, the ISO recognized there was a need to create a network model that would help vendors create networks that would work compatibly and interoperably with other networks. The OSI Reference Model, released in 1984, was the descriptive scheme they created. By creating the OSI model, the ISO was providing vendors with a set of standards thus ensuring greater compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies that were being produced by many companies around the world.
DECNET - Group of communications products (including a protocol suite) developed and supported by Digital Equipment Corporation. DECnet/OSI (also called DECnet Phase V) is the most recent iteration and supports both OSI protocols and proprietary Digital protocols. Phase IV Prime supports inherent MAC addresses that allow DECnet nodes to coexist with systems running other protocols that have MAC address restrictions.
SNA - Systems Network Architecture. Large, complex, feature-rich network architecture developed in the 1970s by IBM. Similar in some respects to the OSI reference model, but with a number of differences. SNA is essentially composed of seven layers.
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Common name for the suite of protocols developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1970s to support the construction of worldwide internetworks. TCP and IP are the two best-known protocols in the suite.
Interoperability - Ability of computing equipment manufactured by different vendors to communicate with one another successfully over a network.
OSI Reference Model - Open System Interconnection reference model. Network architectural model developed by ISO and ITUT-T The model consists of seven layers, each of which specifies particular network functions such as addressing, flow control, error control, encapsulation, and reliable message transfer. The highest layer (the application layer) is closest to the user; the lowest layer (the physical layer) is closest to the media technology. The lowest layer is implemented in hardware. The next to lowest layer is implemented in hardware and software, while the upper five layers are implemented only in software. The OSI reference model is used universally as a method for teaching and understanding network functionality.
ITUT-T - International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) (formerly the Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone [CCITT])---An international organization that develops communication standards.
Standards - Set of rules or procedures that are either widely used or officially specified. See also defacto standard.
Showing posts with label TCP/IP. Show all posts
Showing posts with label TCP/IP. Show all posts
Wednesday, October 18, 2006
Tuesday, July 17, 2001
A Brief History of the Internet
The Internet can be traced back to the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) formed in 1969 by the networking of computers at University College Los Angeles (UCLA), University College Santa Barbara, Stanford Research Institute and Utah University.
By 1972 23 nodes(computers) were connected and it had become international with University College, London and the Royal Radar Establishment Norway.
With many of the computers on the network using different protocols (sets of rules) to transfer information it became more and more difficult to manage the ARPANET. In January 1983 the TCP/IP protocol became the only official protocol on the ARPANET.
In 1985 a network of 5 supercomputers were formed by the National Science Foundation, USA called the NSFNET.
It had grown as shown by 1988.
In 1988 the NSFNET and the ARPANET were joined and the growth of the network became exponential.
Regional networks were linked to the network in Canada, Europe and the Pacific.
It was in the mid 1980's that the collection of networks that had been formed became viewed as an internet and eventually the Internet.
In 1992 the millionth host was attached and by 1995 hundreds of regional networks (MAN's, Metropolitan Area Networks) were linked, thousands of LANs (Local Area Networks) and millions of computers.
Much of the growth was due to existing networks being joined to the Internet.
In 1998 there were 16 million hosts attached.
The 'glue' that holds all of this vast network together is the TCP/IP protocol stack.
Most of this course will involve a detailed study of TCP/IP and how it works.
For a computer to be 'on the Internet' then the machine must:
PCs using the internet are allocated temporary IP addresses by their Internet Service Provider (ISP) and so they have a temporary Internet presence as long as they are connected via the ISPs router.
The Internet traditionally provides four main applications:
In 1991 Gopher was released which was a program that allowed the fetching and searching of files on the Internet.
In 1991 Tim Berners Lee working at CERN in Switzerland proposed a method of sharing information on an internet by using documents that contained Hypertext links (Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)). This application became known as the World Wide Web or WWW for short.
Until the advent of the WWW, the Internet was mainly used by academics and researchers but when public access became available in 1992 then use of the Internet rocketed.
In 1993 the Mosaic Web Browser was launched which allowed searches over the WWW.
1994 saw the launch of Netscape Navigator its designers Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark immediately became multi-millionaires. This year also saw the release of the search engine Yahoo.
HTML documents are essentially static documents but the advent of JAVA in 1995 (Sun) saw the inclusion of video, animation and sound into WWW documents.
In 1995 Microsoft 'discovered' the Internet and launched Internet Explorer.
By 1972 23 nodes(computers) were connected and it had become international with University College, London and the Royal Radar Establishment Norway.
With many of the computers on the network using different protocols (sets of rules) to transfer information it became more and more difficult to manage the ARPANET. In January 1983 the TCP/IP protocol became the only official protocol on the ARPANET.
In 1985 a network of 5 supercomputers were formed by the National Science Foundation, USA called the NSFNET.
It had grown as shown by 1988.
In 1988 the NSFNET and the ARPANET were joined and the growth of the network became exponential.
Regional networks were linked to the network in Canada, Europe and the Pacific.
It was in the mid 1980's that the collection of networks that had been formed became viewed as an internet and eventually the Internet.
In 1992 the millionth host was attached and by 1995 hundreds of regional networks (MAN's, Metropolitan Area Networks) were linked, thousands of LANs (Local Area Networks) and millions of computers.
Much of the growth was due to existing networks being joined to the Internet.
In 1998 there were 16 million hosts attached.
The 'glue' that holds all of this vast network together is the TCP/IP protocol stack.
Most of this course will involve a detailed study of TCP/IP and how it works.
For a computer to be 'on the Internet' then the machine must:
- be running the TCP/IP protocol stack
- have an IP address
- have the ability to send IP packets to other machines on the Internet.
PCs using the internet are allocated temporary IP addresses by their Internet Service Provider (ISP) and so they have a temporary Internet presence as long as they are connected via the ISPs router.
The Internet traditionally provides four main applications:
- News: Newsgroups are subject groups that can hare information and ideas among like minded people.
- Remote Login: Telnet, Rlogin allow remote access to a computer
- File Transfer: FTP copies files from one machine to another.
In 1991 Gopher was released which was a program that allowed the fetching and searching of files on the Internet.
In 1991 Tim Berners Lee working at CERN in Switzerland proposed a method of sharing information on an internet by using documents that contained Hypertext links (Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)). This application became known as the World Wide Web or WWW for short.
Until the advent of the WWW, the Internet was mainly used by academics and researchers but when public access became available in 1992 then use of the Internet rocketed.
In 1993 the Mosaic Web Browser was launched which allowed searches over the WWW.
1994 saw the launch of Netscape Navigator its designers Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark immediately became multi-millionaires. This year also saw the release of the search engine Yahoo.
HTML documents are essentially static documents but the advent of JAVA in 1995 (Sun) saw the inclusion of video, animation and sound into WWW documents.
In 1995 Microsoft 'discovered' the Internet and launched Internet Explorer.
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